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The Preamble's fraternity commitment has guided interfaith harmony jurisprudence: Supreme Court has emphasized that secularism requires equal respect for all religions, not state hostility to religion, and that religious freedom under Articles 25-28 must be balanced with public order, morality, health, reflecting that fraternity requires ______ coexistence, not mere tolerance.
- active
- passive
- indifferent
- hierarchical
Answer: active
Fraternity and interfaith harmony from Preamble: (a) Preamble's fraternity promise: Spirit of brotherhood transcending religious divisions; essential for social harmony in religiously diverse India, (b) Interfaith harmony operationalization: (i) Secularism: State neutrality in religious matters, equal respect for all faiths, not atheism or hostility to religion, (ii) Religious freedom: Articles 25-28 protect individual, collective religious rights, subject to public order, morality, health, (iii) Reasonable restrictions: State can regulate religious practices threatening public order, health, morality, or violating Fundamental Rights (e.g., triple talaq, temple entry restrictions), (c) Active coexistence dimensions: (i) Mutual respect: Beyond mere tolerance to active appreciation of religious diversity as constitutional value, (ii) Dialogue: Interfaith initiatives, educational programs foster understanding, reduce prejudice, (iii) Institutional safeguards: Legal protections against religious discrimination, hate speech, communal violence, (d) Applications: (i) SR Bommai (1994): Secularism part of basic structure; state action against secularism can justify President's Rule, (ii) Religious reform: State can legislate to abolish discriminatory practices while respecting essential religious practices, (iii) Education: Curriculum promoting interfaith understanding, constitutional values of secularism, fraternity, (e) Illustrates transformative fraternity: Preamble's fraternity promise operationalized through interfaith harmony jurisprudence; balance between religious freedom and social harmony essential for realizing constitutional vision of inclusive development.