Create a custom practice set
Pick category, difficulty, number of questions, and time limit. Start instantly with your own quiz.
Generate QuizGK Question
The Preamble's equality commitment has guided disability rights jurisprudence: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 recognizes disability as ground for affirmative action, reasonable accommodation, reflecting that equality requires not just formal non-discrimination but ______ inclusion through targeted measures.
- economic
- substantive
- administrative
- military
Answer: substantive
Equality and disability rights from Preamble: (a) Preamble's equality promise: Not just formal equality (treating likes alike) but substantive equality (addressing structural inequalities to achieve real equality of opportunity), (b) Disability rights evolution: (i) Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995: Focused on welfare, rehabilitation; limited rights-based approach, (ii) Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: Rights-based framework recognizing disability as ground for affirmative action, reasonable accommodation, non-discrimination — operationalizing substantive equality, (c) Substantive equality dimensions: (i) Reasonable accommodation: Adjustments in environment, policies, practices to enable meaningful participation (e.g., accessible infrastructure, flexible work arrangements), (ii) Affirmative action: Reservation in education, employment for persons with disabilities to address historical exclusion, (iii) Non-discrimination: Prohibition of disability-based discrimination in all spheres, with enforcement mechanisms, (d) Applications: (i) Accessibility: Standards for built environment, transport, digital platforms to ensure physical, informational access, (ii) Education: Inclusive education policies, reasonable accommodations in examinations, curriculum, (iii) Employment: Reservation, workplace accommodations, anti-discrimination protections in public, private sectors, (e) Illustrates transformative equality: Preamble's equality promise operationalized through disability rights jurisprudence; balance between formal non-discrimination and substantive measures essential for realizing constitutional vision of inclusive development.