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During a National Emergency under Article 352, the federal structure of the Constitution:
- Is permanently converted to unitary system
- Temporarily acquires unitary features but reverts to federal structure post-Emergency
- Is suspended entirely until Emergency ceases
- Is replaced by military administration
Answer: Temporarily acquires unitary features but reverts to federal structure post-Emergency
Federalism during Emergency: (a) Constitutional design: Indian federalism has unitary bias; Emergency provisions enable temporary unitary features for crisis management, (b) Temporary unitary features during Emergency: (i) Legislative: Parliament can legislate on State List (Article 250), (ii) Executive: Union can give directions to States on manner of executive power exercise (Article 353), (iii) Financial: President can modify revenue distribution (Article 354), (c) Post-Emergency restoration: (i) Parliament's laws on State List cease after 6 months, (ii) State executive resumes full autonomy, (iii) Federal fiscal normalcy restored, (d) Rationale: Ensure unified national response to existential threats while preserving federal structure for post-crisis governance, (e) Applications: (i) 1962, 1971 Emergencies: Temporary unitary features for defence coordination, post-Emergency federal normalcy restored, (ii) Federal balance: Emergency powers enable crisis response without permanent centralization, (f) Illustrates adaptive federalism: Temporary unitary features for crisis management within constitutional framework; balance between national security and State autonomy through time limits, sunset provisions.