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In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court emphasized that 'breakdown of constitutional machinery' under Article 356 refers to:
- Political instability or change of government through democratic process
- Genuine inability of State government to function in accordance with Constitution
- Disagreement between State and Union on policy matters
- Electoral defeat of ruling party in State
Answer: Genuine inability of State government to function in accordance with Constitution
Constitutional breakdown definition under SR Bommai: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition based on political instability, not genuine constitutional breakdown, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) 'Breakdown of constitutional machinery' means genuine inability of State government to function in accordance with Constitution, not mere political instability, (ii) Examples: Loss of majority verified through floor test, breakdown of law and order beyond State control, action against constitutional principles (secularism, democracy), (iii) NOT examples: Political instability, change of government through democratic process, policy disagreement with Union, electoral defeat, (c) Applications: (i) Post-1994: Courts more willing to strike down Article 356 proclamations based on political instability, not genuine constitutional breakdown, (ii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against arbitrary Centre overreach via gubernatorial discretion, (d) Rationale: (i) Democratic legitimacy: Elected State governments represent people's will; Article 356 exceptional measure, not routine tool, (ii) Constitutional morality: Governor, President act as constitutional functionaries, not political agents, (iii) Judicial oversight: Courts ensure Article 356 used for genuine constitutional breakdown, not political ends, (e) Illustrates constitutional federalism: 'Breakdown of constitutional machinery' narrowly defined to protect State autonomy; judicial review ensures Article 356 used for genuine crises, not political convenience.