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Under Article 352, the President can proclaim a National Emergency only on the written advice of the Cabinet, on grounds of:
- War, external aggression, or armed rebellion
- Internal disturbance only
- Economic crisis only
- Political instability only
Answer: War, external aggression, or armed rebellion
Article 352 National Emergency grounds: (a) Constitutional text: President may proclaim Emergency if satisfied that security of India/threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, (b) 44th Amendment safeguards (1978): (i) 'Internal disturbance' replaced with 'armed rebellion' to prevent misuse (as in 1975 Emergency), (ii) Written advice of Cabinet required (not just Prime Minister), (iii) Parliamentary approval within 1 month by special majority, (iv) Emergency expires after 6 months unless renewed, (c) Applications: (i) 1962 Emergency: China aggression, (ii) 1971 Emergency: Pakistan war, (iii) 1975 Emergency: Internal disturbance (pre-44th Amendment), later criticized for political misuse, (d) Judicial review: Courts can examine whether proclamation based on objective material, not mala fide (SR Bommai principles apply), (e) Federal impact: During Emergency, Parliament can legislate on State List, Union executive can direct States, financial relations tilt towards Centre — but temporary, reversible post-Emergency, (f) Illustrates calibrated emergency powers: Enabling unified national response to existential threats while preventing political misuse through procedural safeguards, judicial oversight.