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Under Article 246 read with Seventh Schedule, which List contains subjects on which both Parliament and State Legislatures can legislate, with Union law prevailing in case of conflict?
- Union List (List I)
- State List (List II)
- Concurrent List (List III)
- Residuary List
Answer: Concurrent List (List III)
Legislative distribution under Article 246: (a) Union List (List I): 97 subjects (defence, foreign affairs, currency, etc.) — Parliament exclusive power, (b) State List (List II): 61 subjects (police, public health, agriculture, etc.) — State Legislature exclusive power, (c) Concurrent List (List III): 52 subjects (education, forests, marriage, etc.) — both can legislate; Union law prevails in conflict per Article 254, (d) Residuary powers: Article 248 — Parliament exclusive power over subjects not in any List, (e) Federal flexibility: Articles 249-253 enable Parliament to legislate on State List in national interest, during Emergency, or for international agreements, (f) Applications: (i) GST: Subsumed multiple Union/State taxes, required constitutional amendment (101st) affecting Seventh Schedule, (ii) Environmental laws: Parliament legislates on State List subjects (forests, wildlife) under Article 253 (international agreements), (iii) Education: Concurrent subject; Union sets standards (RTE Act), States implement, (g) Illustrates Indian federalism's core architecture: Defined domains with mechanisms for adaptive coordination; balance between Union supremacy in national interest and State autonomy in local matters.