Create a custom practice set
Pick category, difficulty, number of questions, and time limit. Start instantly with your own quiz.
Generate QuizGK Question
In Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979), the Supreme Court recognized right to speedy trial as part of right to life and personal liberty under Article ______, leading to release of thousands of undertrial prisoners detained longer than maximum sentence.
- 14
- 19
- 21
- 32
Answer: 21
Hussainara Khatoon (1979) right to speedy trial: (a) Context: Petition regarding undertrial prisoners in Bihar detained for periods longer than maximum sentence for alleged offences, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Right to speedy trial implicit in Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty), (ii) Detention without trial violates personal liberty; undertrials detained longer than maximum sentence must be released, (iii) Procedural due process: Fair, timely justice essential for enforcing Fundamental Rights, (c) Applications: (i) Release of undertrials: Thousands released following judgment, reducing prison overcrowding, (ii) Legal aid expansion: Foundation for Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 establishing NALSA for free legal aid, (iii) Prison reforms: Directions for humane treatment, rehabilitation programs, vocational training, (d) Subsequent developments: (i) P. Ramachandra Rao (2002): Clarified no fixed time limit for speedy trial; courts balance nature of offence, delay reasons, prejudice to parties, (ii) Fast Track Courts: Established for expedited trial of serious offences (sexual offences, POCSO cases), (e) Rationale: (i) Liberty protection: Prolonged detention without trial violates personal liberty, dignity, (ii) Justice delivery: Timely justice essential for rights protection, public confidence in legal system, (iii) Resource optimization: Reducing undertrial detention alleviates prison overcrowding, focuses resources on genuine cases, (f) Illustrates procedural due process: Article 21 interpreted to require not just fair trial but timely trial; institutional reforms operationalize constitutional right through case management, specialized courts.