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In Supriyo v. Union of India (October 2023), the Supreme Court declined to legalize same-sex marriage, holding that recognition of such marriages involves complex policy considerations best left to Parliament, while affirming rights of queer couples to protection from discrimination and access to services.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Supriyo (2023) same-sex marriage case: (a) Context: Petitions seeking legal recognition of same-sex marriage under Special Marriage Act, 1954, (b) Supreme Court holding (5-judge Constitution Bench, 3:2 on key issues): (i) No fundamental right to marry under Constitution (though marriage protected under personal laws), (ii) Recognition of same-sex marriage involves complex policy considerations (adoption, succession, maintenance, social welfare) best left to Parliament, (iii) However, affirmed rights of queer couples: protection from discrimination, right to cohabit, access to services without discrimination, (iv) Directed government to form committee to examine rights/entitlements of queer couples, (c) Applications: (i) Legislative follow-up: Ongoing debate on civil unions, marriage equality, anti-discrimination law, (ii) Rights protection: Courts continue to protect queer rights through existing constitutional provisions (Articles 14, 15, 19, 21), (iii) Institutional reform: Directions for sensitization of police, judiciary, healthcare providers, (d) Rationale: (i) Separation of powers: Courts recognize limits of judicial expertise in complex policy design but assert role in protecting constitutional values, (ii) Democratic legitimacy: Marriage recognition requires broad social consensus, legislative deliberation, not judicial fiat, (iii) Rights protection: Affirms core rights (non-discrimination, dignity) while deferring complex policy questions to legislature, (e) Illustrates calibrated judicial philosophy: Judicial restraint in policy domain, activism in rights protection; balance between constitutional values and democratic legitimacy.