Which statement correctly reflects the Supreme Court's view on federalism as part of the basic structure?
- Federalism can be abolished by constitutional amendment if Parliament so decides
- Federalism is part of basic structure; Parliament cannot amend Constitution to abolish States or destroy State autonomy in defined domains
- Federalism applies only to legislative powers, not executive or financial powers
- States have unlimited autonomy; Union cannot legislate on any State List subject
Answer: Federalism is part of basic structure; Parliament cannot amend Constitution to abolish States or destroy State autonomy in defined domains
Federalism as basic structure: (a) SR Bommai (1994): Explicitly held federalism part of basic structure; State governments have constitutional status; President's Rule subject to judicial review, (b) Core federal features as basic structure: (i) Division of powers (Seventh Schedule), (ii) State autonomy in defined legislative/executive domains, (iii) Judicial review of Centre-State disputes, (iv) State representation in Parliament (Rajya Sabha), (v) Financial federalism (Finance Commission, tax devolution), (c) Unamendable core: Parliament cannot amend Constitution to: (i) Abolish States or merge them without democratic process, (ii) Transfer all powers to Union, destroying State legislative/executive domains, (iii) Eliminate judicial review of federal disputes, (iv) Destroy State representation in Parliament or Rajya Sabha's federal role, (d) Applications: (i) Article 370 judgment: Upheld Union power to abrogate temporary provision but directed democratic restoration, preserving federal balance, (ii) GST amendment: Required State ratification under Article 368 proviso, respecting federal safeguard, (iii) Water disputes: Judicial review ensures State rights balanced with national interest, (e) Flexibility within limits: Amendments can adjust federal balance (e.g., GST changing tax powers) but cannot destroy core federal features (State autonomy, division of powers, judicial mediation), (f) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Adaptable framework protected by basic structure doctrine against fundamental alteration; balance between Union supremacy in national interest and State autonomy in defined domains.