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In SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court held that ______ is part of the basic structure of the Constitution, and State governments acting against this principle can justify imposition of President's Rule under Article 356.
- socialism
- secularism
- capitalism
- theocracy
Answer: secularism
SR Bommai and secularism as basic structure: (a) Context: Challenge to President's Rule imposition in States (Karnataka, Meghalaya, Nagaland) based on Governor's reports alleging anti-secular activities, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Secularism part of basic structure; State government acting against secularism can justify Article 356, (ii) Floor test primary method to test majority; Governor cannot dismiss Ministry without testing majority on Assembly floor, (iii) Presidential satisfaction subject to judicial review; courts can examine if based on objective material, (c) Applications: (i) Secularism test: State policies promoting religious discrimination can trigger Article 356, (ii) Judicial review: Courts can revive State Assembly if proclamation invalidated, (iii) Federal balance: Protects State autonomy against political misuse of Article 356, (d) Rationale: (i) Secularism essential to constitutional identity (Preamble, Articles 25-28), (ii) State action against secularism undermines constitutional machinery, (iii) Union duty to preserve constitutional order, (e) Illustrates basic structure application: Secularism as unamendable core feature; judicial review ensures Article 356 used for genuine constitutional breakdown, not political ends.