Create a custom practice set
Pick category, difficulty, number of questions, and time limit. Start instantly with your own quiz.
Generate QuizGK Question
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 added the 12th Schedule to the Constitution listing 18 functional items for Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities). Which of the following is NOT included in the 12th Schedule?
- Urban planning including town planning
- Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
- Foreign affairs and defense
- Slum improvement and upgradation
Answer: Foreign affairs and defense
12th Schedule functional items: (a) 74th Amendment (1992): Added 12th Schedule listing 18 functional items for Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities), (b) Key functions include: (i) Urban planning including town planning, (ii) Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings, (iii) Slum improvement and upgradation, (iv) Urban poverty alleviation, (v) Water supply, sanitation, public health, (vi) Fire services, (vii) Urban forestry, environmental protection, (viii) Cultural, educational, aesthetic promotion, (ix) Burials, cremations, electric crematoriums, (x) Cattle ponds, prevention of cruelty to animals, (xi) Vital statistics, registration of births/deaths, (xii) Public amenities (parks, gardens, playgrounds), (xiii) Road maintenance, street lighting, (xiv) Regulation of slaughterhouses, tanneries, (xv) Public health, sanitation, conservancy, solid waste management, (xvi) Urban planning, (xvii) Fire services, (xviii) Any other matter referred by State Legislature, (c) NOT included: Foreign affairs, defense, currency, communications - these remain Union List subjects under Seventh Schedule, (d) Applications: (i) Devolution: States devolve functions, funds, functionaries to ULBs per 12th Schedule, (ii) Challenges: Incomplete devolution, capacity gaps, financial constraints affect ULB effectiveness, (e) Illustrates urban federalism: 12th Schedule provides framework for local self-governance in urban areas; effective devolution requires political will, capacity building, financial resources.