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Article 32, described by Dr. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution, empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights, including mediating federal disputes between Union and States or between States under its original jurisdiction under Article ______.
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
Answer: 131
Article 32 and federal disputes: (a) Article 32 text: Right to move Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; Dr. Ambedkar called it 'heart and soul' because without remedies, rights are meaningless, (b) Article 131 original jurisdiction: Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction in disputes: (i) Between Government of India and one or more States, (ii) Between Government of India and any State(s) on one side and one or more States on other, (iii) Between two or more States, (c) Applications: (i) Inter-State water disputes: Cauvery, Krishna, Godavari cases, (ii) Boundary disputes: Belagavi (Karnataka-Maharashtra), Assam-Nagaland, (iii) Resource sharing: Mineral rights, forest conservation, (d) Limits: Article 131 proviso excludes matters arising from pre-Constitution treaties, agreements; such disputes resolved per terms of instrument, (e) Federal balance: Supreme Court as neutral arbiter of federal disputes; judicial review ensures constitutional compliance, protects State autonomy against arbitrary Union action, (f) Illustrates constitutional federalism: Independent judiciary mediates Centre-State disputes, preserving federal balance through legal principles, not political power. Essential for UPSC Mains understanding of judicial role in federalism.