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Under Article 262(2), Parliament can by law exclude the jurisdiction of the ______ over inter-State water disputes, which was done through the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 establishing specialized tribunals whose awards have same force as Supreme Court orders.
- High Courts
- Supreme Court
- Finance Commission
- Inter-State Council
Answer: Supreme Court
Inter-State water disputes framework: (a) Article 262(1): Parliament may by law provide for adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers, (b) Article 262(2): Such law may exclude jurisdiction of Supreme Court or any other court over such disputes — enables specialized, technical resolution, (c) Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956: (i) Establishes ad-hoc tribunals for specific disputes (Cauvery, Krishna, Godavari, etc.), (ii) Tribunal awards have same force as Supreme Court orders — binding on parties, (iii) 2019 Amendment: Creates permanent tribunal, fixed timelines, implementation monitoring, (d) Judicial review limits: Supreme Court retains power to examine tribunal awards for: (i) Jurisdictional errors, (ii) Violation of natural justice, (iii) Constitutional principles (not re-appreciation of facts), (e) Applications: (i) Cauvery dispute: Tribunal award (2007, modified 2018) allocated water among Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry; CWMA monitors implementation, (ii) Mahanadi dispute: Ongoing tribunal proceedings, (f) Federal balance: Specialized expertise for technical water disputes + constitutional oversight for legal principles; balances State rights with national interest in equitable resource sharing.