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The proportionality test in Indian administrative law has four steps: legitimate aim, rational connection, necessity (least restrictive alternative), and ______ of benefits versus harms.
- secrecy
- balancing
- deference
- absolutism
Answer: balancing
Proportionality test four-step analysis: (a) Legitimate aim: Restriction must pursue valid public interest (security, health, morality, public order), (b) Rational connection: Means adopted must be suitable to achieve the aim; not arbitrary or irrational, (c) Necessity: No less restrictive alternative available that would achieve same aim with lesser rights infringement, (d) Balancing: Benefits of restriction must outweigh harm to rights; court weighs public interest against individual rights impact, (e) Applications: (i) Puttaswamy: Aadhaar authentication balanced privacy vs welfare efficiency, (ii) Anuradha Bhasin: Internet shutdowns balanced security vs free speech, (iii) Reservation cases: Affirmative action balanced equality vs merit, (f) Evolution: From Wednesbury unreasonableness (high deference) to proportionality (intensive scrutiny) for rights-affecting actions. Illustrates sophisticated judicial review: calibrated balancing enabling rights protection while respecting policy domain.