The two core components of natural justice in administrative law are: audi alteram partem (right to be heard) and ______ (rule against bias).

Natural justice components: (a) Audi alteram partem (hear the other side): Right to notice, hearing, representation before adverse decision; ensures procedural fairness, (b) Nemo judex in causa sua (no one judge in own cause): Rule against bias; decision-maker must be impartial, no personal interest in outcome, (c) Application: Applies to administrative/quasi-judicial decisions affecting rights; implicit in Article 14 (equality) and Article 21 (fair procedure), (d) Exceptions: Statutory exclusion (rare), emergency situations, academic evaluations, (e) Remedies: Quashing of biased/unfair decisions, fresh hearing ordered. Illustrates foundational administrative law principle: fairness in decision-making protects individual rights against arbitrary state action.