In Davinder Singh case (2024), the Supreme Court held that States can create sub-classifications within SC reservation only if based on ______ data showing backwardness and inadequacy of representation.

Sub-classification jurisprudence (Davinder Singh, 2024): (a) Holding: States can create sub-classifications within SC/ST reservations to ensure equitable distribution among more/less backward communities, (b) Conditions: (i) Classification must be based on quantifiable data showing backwardness, (ii) Must demonstrate inadequacy of representation in particular posts/areas, (iii) Must maintain overall administrative efficiency, (iv) Must not violate Article 14 (rational classification, intelligible differentia), (c) Rationale: Addresses intra-group inequalities; ensures reservation benefits reach most marginalized within reserved categories, (d) Implementation: States must conduct empirical studies, collect data, consult stakeholders before creating sub-classifications. Illustrates calibrated affirmative action: balancing group justice with individual merit, collective disadvantage with administrative efficiency.