Which of the following principles was affirmed by the Supreme Court in the 'Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum vs Union of India' case?
- Absolute liability for hazardous industries only
- Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays Principle as part of Indian environmental law
- Exemption of small industries from norms
- Privatization of environmental governance
Answer: Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays Principle as part of Indian environmental law
The Court held that these international environmental principles are part of customary international law and applicable in India under Articles 21, 48A, and 51A(g).